Journal: Poultry Science

Article Title: Houttuynia cordata extract protects against Salmonella infection by targeting type III secretion system 1

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106937

Figure Lengend Snippet: HCE suppresses the adhesion and invasion of Salmonella in Caco-2 cells. A CCK-8 assay (A) was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxicity of HCE in Caco-2 cells. The effects of HCE on the adhesion (B, D) and invasion (C, E) of ST (B-C) and SP (D-E) to Caco-2 cells were examined at an MOI of 100 (n = 5). Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed to visualize the inhibitory effect of HCE (150 µg/mL) on the invasion of ST (F) and SP (G) in Caco-2 cells. Caco-2 cells infected with the ST Δ invA strain, which was used as a negative control because of its T3SS-1 deficiency showed significantly reduced invasion. ST, Salmonella Typhimurium. SP, Salmonella Pullorum . HCE, Houttuynia cordata extract.

Article Snippet: Caco-2 cells (American Type Culture Collection, ATCC, USA) were cultured in DMEM and seeded into culture plates.

Techniques: CCK-8 Assay, Immunofluorescence, Microscopy, Infection, Negative Control

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Biomimetic villi-crypt scaffold-on-chip with tunable mechanical properties for intestinal epithelium modeling

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103134

Figure Lengend Snippet: Villi-crypt in vitro model. Resazurin reduction assay performed (a) over the Villi-(F)-Crypt and Villi-(R)-Crypt scaffolds in the presence and absence of gelatin to aid cell attachment ( n = 3 scaffolds for each condition). (b) Resazurin reduction assay performed for long-term cultures in the absence of gelatin (two independent experiments, n = 5 scaffolds for each condition of each experiment). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001. (c) Phalloidin (green) and DAPI (blue) fluorescence microscopy of Caco-2 cells grown for 21 days on the two compositions tested at two different magnifications. (c i ) Top and (c ii ) section view of the scaffolds. Scale bars represent 500 μm and 100 μm. Objectives are 4 × and 10 × , respectively. (d) Confocal images of Villi-(R)-Crypt scaffold cultured with the Caco-2 cells. (d i ) Schematic of the different confocal planes acquired. (d ii ) and (d iii ) details at two different magnifications of villi sections, scaffold baselines and crypt base; displaying the homogeneous covering of the scaffold and junctions formed between cells ( V = villi, C = crypt). Scale bars represent 200 μm (d ii , 10 × objective) and 50 μm (d iii , 20 × objective). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Cell cultures over scaffolds: Human epithelial cell line Caco-2 (HTB-37, ATCC, USA) was cultured in 75 cm 2 tissue culture polystyrene flasks in complete DMEM high glucose (Sigma Aldrich, pc D6546) supplemented with 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Sigma Aldrich, pc P0781), 1% L-glutamine (Sigma Aldrich, pc G7513) and 10% FBS (Invitrogen, USA) in a humidified incubator set at 37 °C with 95% air and 5% CO 2 .

Techniques: In Vitro, Cell Attachment Assay, Standard Deviation, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Cell Culture

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Biomimetic villi-crypt scaffold-on-chip with tunable mechanical properties for intestinal epithelium modeling

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103134

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Fold change in gene expression with respect to undifferentiated cells and (b) quantification of produced proteins. Caco-2 cells were cultured for 14 and 21 days on the two compositions tested ( n = 3 scaffolds for each condition). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Cell cultures over scaffolds: Human epithelial cell line Caco-2 (HTB-37, ATCC, USA) was cultured in 75 cm 2 tissue culture polystyrene flasks in complete DMEM high glucose (Sigma Aldrich, pc D6546) supplemented with 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Sigma Aldrich, pc P0781), 1% L-glutamine (Sigma Aldrich, pc G7513) and 10% FBS (Invitrogen, USA) in a humidified incubator set at 37 °C with 95% air and 5% CO 2 .

Techniques: Gene Expression, Produced, Cell Culture, Standard Deviation

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Biomimetic villi-crypt scaffold-on-chip with tunable mechanical properties for intestinal epithelium modeling

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103134

Figure Lengend Snippet: Venn diagram showing the distribution of proteins identified in Villi-(F)-Crypt and Villi-(R)-Crypt scaffolds cultured with Caco-2 cells for the period of 14 and 21 days. The core proteins are shared across all conditions, while the exclusive proteins represent those uniquely identified in specific conditions. The 10 most abundant proteins are highlighted.

Article Snippet: Cell cultures over scaffolds: Human epithelial cell line Caco-2 (HTB-37, ATCC, USA) was cultured in 75 cm 2 tissue culture polystyrene flasks in complete DMEM high glucose (Sigma Aldrich, pc D6546) supplemented with 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Sigma Aldrich, pc P0781), 1% L-glutamine (Sigma Aldrich, pc G7513) and 10% FBS (Invitrogen, USA) in a humidified incubator set at 37 °C with 95% air and 5% CO 2 .

Techniques: Cell Culture

Journal: Oncology Letters

Article Title: Leucovorin enhances curcumin-induced inhibition of cell viability and ferroptosis in colorectal cancer cells

doi: 10.3892/ol.2026.15508

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dose-dependent effect of curcumin and leucovorin on cell viability. (A) Viability of Caco-2 and HCT116 cells treated with concentrations of curcumin. (B) Viability of Caco-2 and HCT116 cells treated with increasing concentrations of leucovorin. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 compared with the control group. ns, not significant. Error bars represent the SD.

Article Snippet: Caco-2 cells (Tongwei Co., Ltd.) and HCT116 cells (iCell Gene Therapeutics, Inc.) were cultured in DMEM (cat. no. 4511; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) and RPMI1640 medium (cat. no. G4531; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) respectively, supplemented with 10% FBS (cat. no. 164210; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Oncology Letters

Article Title: Leucovorin enhances curcumin-induced inhibition of cell viability and ferroptosis in colorectal cancer cells

doi: 10.3892/ol.2026.15508

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of curcumin and leucovorin on cell viability. Comparison of cell viability among treatment groups in (A) Caco-2 and (B) HCT116 cells. *P<0.05 and ***P<0.001. Leu, leucovorin; Cur, curcumin; ns, not significant. Error bars represent the SD.

Article Snippet: Caco-2 cells (Tongwei Co., Ltd.) and HCT116 cells (iCell Gene Therapeutics, Inc.) were cultured in DMEM (cat. no. 4511; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) and RPMI1640 medium (cat. no. G4531; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) respectively, supplemented with 10% FBS (cat. no. 164210; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Oncology Letters

Article Title: Leucovorin enhances curcumin-induced inhibition of cell viability and ferroptosis in colorectal cancer cells

doi: 10.3892/ol.2026.15508

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of curcumin and leucovorin on GSH and MDA levels. Comparison of (A) GSH and (B) MDA levels among treatment groups in Caco-2 and HCT116 cells. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001. Leu, leucovorin; Cur, curcumin; GSH, glutathione; MDA, malondialdehyde; ns, not significant. Error bars represent the SD.

Article Snippet: Caco-2 cells (Tongwei Co., Ltd.) and HCT116 cells (iCell Gene Therapeutics, Inc.) were cultured in DMEM (cat. no. 4511; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) and RPMI1640 medium (cat. no. G4531; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) respectively, supplemented with 10% FBS (cat. no. 164210; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Oncology Letters

Article Title: Leucovorin enhances curcumin-induced inhibition of cell viability and ferroptosis in colorectal cancer cells

doi: 10.3892/ol.2026.15508

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of curcumin and leucovorin on ROS and Fe 2+ levels. (A) Representative images illustrating ROS levels (scale bar, 20 µm). Comparison of (B) ROS and (C) Fe 2+ levels among treatment groups in Caco-2 and HCT116 cells. *P<0.05 and ***P<0.001. Leu, leucovorin; Cur, curcumin; ns, not significant; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Fe 2+ , ferrous iron. Error bars represent the SD.

Article Snippet: Caco-2 cells (Tongwei Co., Ltd.) and HCT116 cells (iCell Gene Therapeutics, Inc.) were cultured in DMEM (cat. no. 4511; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) and RPMI1640 medium (cat. no. G4531; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) respectively, supplemented with 10% FBS (cat. no. 164210; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Oncology Letters

Article Title: Leucovorin enhances curcumin-induced inhibition of cell viability and ferroptosis in colorectal cancer cells

doi: 10.3892/ol.2026.15508

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of curcumin and leucovorin on MMP in colorectal cancer cell lines. (A) Representative images illustrating MMP levels (scale bar, 20 µm). (B) Comparison of MMP levels among different treatment groups in Caco-2 and HCT116 cells. ***P<0.001. Leu, leucovorin; Cur, curcumin; MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential; ns, not significant. Error bars represent the SD.

Article Snippet: Caco-2 cells (Tongwei Co., Ltd.) and HCT116 cells (iCell Gene Therapeutics, Inc.) were cultured in DMEM (cat. no. 4511; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) and RPMI1640 medium (cat. no. G4531; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) respectively, supplemented with 10% FBS (cat. no. 164210; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.).

Techniques: Comparison, Membrane

Journal: Oncology Letters

Article Title: Leucovorin enhances curcumin-induced inhibition of cell viability and ferroptosis in colorectal cancer cells

doi: 10.3892/ol.2026.15508

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of curcumin and leucovorin on the expression of ACSL4 and SLC7A11. (A) The protein expression levels of ACSL4 and SLC7A11 are shown. (B) Comparison of ACSL4 and SLC7A11 expression among different treatment groups in Caco-2 and HCT116 cells. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001. Leu, leucovorin; Cur, curcumin; ACSL4, acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4; SLC7A11, solute carrier family 7 member 11; ns, not significant. Error bars represent the SD.

Article Snippet: Caco-2 cells (Tongwei Co., Ltd.) and HCT116 cells (iCell Gene Therapeutics, Inc.) were cultured in DMEM (cat. no. 4511; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) and RPMI1640 medium (cat. no. G4531; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) respectively, supplemented with 10% FBS (cat. no. 164210; Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd.).

Techniques: Expressing, Comparison

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Genetically engineered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 enabling on-site melanin synthesis attenuates radiation enteritis through ferroptosis inhibition and gut microbiota modulation

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104141

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ferroptosis plays critical role in the pathogenesis of RE. A) Representative immunohistochemical staining of 4-HNE and GPX4 of small intestinal tissue samples from mice with RE, and their normalized expression intensity (relative to non-irradiation), n = 3. Scale bar: 200 μm (top panels) and 50 μm (bottom panels). P values were calculated by using a two-tailed unpaired Students t -test. B) Representative Western blotting image and analysis of ferroptosis-related proteins expression in small intestinal tissue of mice (relative to GAPDH) levels, n = 3. C) Cell viability after incremental dose IR exposure (n = 5). D) Representative flow cytometry histogram of ROS (10,000 cells per tube were collected). E, F) Fluorescence images of reduced (red) and oxidized (green) C11-BODIPY in Caco-2 cells after 6 h exposure of IR, along with the quantified results of average fluorescence intensity (n = 5, Scale bar: 100 μm). G, H) Immunofluorescence images of ROS and their mean fluorescence intensity quantification (n = 3. Scale bar: 100 μm). Error bars are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Caco-2 cell line (human colonic epithelial cells) was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, Virginia, USA), which was cultured under the condition of a humidified atmosphere (5% CO 2 ) at 37 °C.

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Expressing, Irradiation, Two Tailed Test, Western Blot, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence, Immunofluorescence, Standard Deviation

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Genetically engineered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 enabling on-site melanin synthesis attenuates radiation enteritis through ferroptosis inhibition and gut microbiota modulation

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104141

Figure Lengend Snippet: EcN-Tyr(A/C) 1 alleviates IR-induced small intestinal damage in mice by inhibiting ferroptosis and rebalancing the gut microbiota. A) Fluorescence images of reduced (red) and oxidized (green) C11-BODIPY of Caco-2 and B) their mean fluorescence intensity quantification (n = 3. scale bars: 100 μm). C) Schematic diagram of ferroptosis regulation. D) After treatment with melanin or iron inhibitors, the expression levels of ferroptosis-related proteins GPX4 in Caco-2 cells were analyzed using Western blotting (with GAPDH as a loading control), and representative images were obtained (n = 4). E) After IR with different doses, the expression levels of ferroptosis-related proteins GPX4 and FTH in Caco-2 cells were analyzed using Western blotting (with GAPDH as a loading control), and representative images were obtained (n = 4). F) Quantitative analysis of intestinal FITC-Dextran permeability in mice of different treatment groups (n = 5). G) Reresentative images of intestine by H&E staining and villi length was assessed (n = 5. Scale bar: 100 μm). H) Histogram of mouse small intestinal iron quantification analysis (n = 5). I) Fluorescent images and quantitative analysis of Fe 2+ in cells of different treatment groups by FerroOrange staining (n = 4. Scale bar: 50 μm). J) Chao1 and Shannon index of microbial community (n = 3). K) Principal component analysis (PCA) of gut microbiome (n = 3). L-M) Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis of the microbiota in different treatments (n = 3). N) Community bar plot analysis of the microbiota of mice at the genus level (n = 3). Data are shown as mean ± SD. One - way ANOVA was used for overall multiple - group analysis, and Tukey's post - hoc test was applied when ANOVA showed significant differences. Significance levels are marked as follows: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Caco-2 cell line (human colonic epithelial cells) was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, Virginia, USA), which was cultured under the condition of a humidified atmosphere (5% CO 2 ) at 37 °C.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Expressing, Western Blot, Control, Permeability, Staining